Respiratory Syncytial Virus

What Is It?

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the viruses that causes the common cold and infections in the upper parts of the respiratory tract. RSV also can cause infection in the lower respiratory tract, such as pneumonia in the lung tissue and bronchiolitis inside the smallest airways (bronchioles) in the lungs.

RSV is spread in secretions when someone with it coughs or sneezes. RSV also can be carried on unwashed hands and on contaminated objects, such as dirty tissues, doorknobs and desktops. It typically enters the body through the eyes, nose or mouth when someone with contaminated fingers touches his or her face or eyes or breathes in droplets.

People who have the greatest risk of serious illness from RSV include:

• Infants, especially those who were born early (premature)
• The elderly
• People of any age with certain types of heart disease, chronic lung disease or weakened immune systems

In the United States, RSV infections cause numerous hospitalizations and thousands of deaths each year, usually between late fall and early spring. The highest rates of serious childhood RSV illness occur in infants under 6 months old. Almost all children have been exposed to RSV by the age of 3, and most do not become dangerously ill. Getting RSV more than once can happen, but infections that follow the first one generally are mild.

Symptoms

RSV tends to cause typical cold symptoms, including:

• Sore throat
• Runny nose
• Stuffy nose
• Cough
• Mild wheezing
• Slight headache
• Mild fever

Symptoms generally begin within a week after an exposure to someone with an RSV infection.

In infants and children younger than age 3, RSV may start out looking like a mild cold with sneezing and runny nose. After two or three days, RSV can spread into the chest, causing a cough, breathing that is faster than normal and wheezing. Young children also can have a high fever. Infants with breathing difficulties may grunt; flare the nostrils; or have "retractions," which means the chest muscles are drawn in so that the ribs can be seen as the baby struggles to breathe.

Diagnosis

Your doctor may suspect an RSV infection based on the symptoms and a physical examination during certain times of the year when RSV is most common. In most adults and older children, further testing is unnecessary because RSV symptoms generally are mild, and the illness usually is treated at home.

When examining infants and children younger than age 3, the doctor will check for fever, cough, nasal discharge that may interfere with feeding, the chest drawing in, wheezing, breathing quickly, and a bluish color to the lips and fingernails. If your child's symptoms are severe or not as expected, the doctor may want to confirm the diagnosis of RSV infection by taking a sample of nose or throat secretions to test for the virus in a laboratory.

Expected Duration

In people who are basically healthy, RSV infection typically lasts about one to two weeks. The wheezing that is caused by RSV, however, can last a month or longer.

Prevention

Preventing RSV is difficult because the virus is highly contagious and is spread easily from person to person. RSV vaccines currently are being developed, but progress has been slow and one dose of a vaccine is unlikely to protect well against being infected again.

The easiest way to prevent RSV infection is to wash hands regularly, especially when someone in the family has cold symptoms. Adults and older children should always wash their hands frequently, avoid touching their face and eyes unnecessarily, and stay away from direct contact with people who have obvious cold symptoms. Young infants should be kept away from anyone who has symptoms of a respiratory infection, even if it's just a slight cold.

Babies who were born prematurely or those with lung problems, congenital heart disease or problems with their immune systems have a higher chance of getting a serious RSV infection. For these babies, two medications are available to help prevent an RSV infection, or at least make it less severe. Respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin (RSV-IG) is made from the blood of healthy people who have had RSV infection, and it contains antibodies (substances in the blood that fight infection) against RSV. Palivizumab (Synagis) also contains antibodies against RSV, but this type of antibody is made in the laboratory. Both medicines must be given once a month from just before RSV season (November) to the end of it (April). Palivizumab is given as a shot in a muscle (like standard childhood vaccines) and RSV-IG is given through a vein (intravenously).

Treatment

For mild RSV infections, treatment is aimed at making the person comfortable. Treatment may include:

• Something for fever and pain for example, acetaminophen (Tylenol and others) or ibuprofen (Advil and others)
• Drinking lots of fluids to prevent dehydration
• Bed rest
• A humidifier to soothe the throat and nose and possibly relieve cough
• Saline (salt water) nose drops
• A bulb syringe to gently loosen mucus blocking a child's or infant's nose

Infants and younger children with severe RSV infection may need to be hospitalized. In the hospital, the infant or child may receive oxygen, fluids (by vein) and medications to help him or her breathe easier. He or she also may receive ribavirin in aerosol form. Ribavirin is an anti-viral medication that on rare occasions is used to treat the most severe RSV infections. However, it has not been shown to help that much, is difficult to give and is very expensive.

When To Call A Professional

Call your doctor immediately if your infant or younger child has:

• A high fever
• Severe cough
• Wheezing
• Difficulty feeding
• Difficulty breathing
• Abnormally fast breathing
• Grunting
• Flaring of the nostrils
• Chest retractions
• Bluish lips or fingernails

If you have a premature infant or one with serious respiratory or other health problems, speak to your doctor about your baby's need for preventive medicines from late fall through early spring.

Prognosis

Most RSV infections go away completely with no lasting effects. With prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most infants and children recover from serious respiratory illnesses caused by RSV infections. Deaths from RSV infections are relatively rare, but RSV infection can cause death in high-risk infants aged 2 months to 6 months and in older people who have immune system problems. RSV bronchiolitis in infancy may increase a child's risk of developing asthma and allergy as they get older.

Additional Info

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

1600 Clifton Road

Atlanta, GA 30333

Phone: 404-639-3534

Toll-Free: 1-800-311-3435

http://www.cdc.gov/